Introduction
Nigeria has a total area of 983,213 square kilometers, of which 773,783 square kilometers. Km are located in savannah zones. 75,707 square meters Km are in the areas of derivative savannas, and in the forest zone - 133,717 square kilometers. The Nigerian population is more than 150 million people, which gives an average density of more than 150 people per square kilometer. Although this density can vary from region to region, it is clear that Nigeria is already experiencing a high population density. In the manifestation of these affects enters; urbanization, deforestation, desertification, overcrowding and all types of pollution. These impacts have a negative and positive impact on the environment. This is the negative impact of human interaction with the environment, which is emphasized in this study.
Illegal use of the environment due to ignorance, poverty, overcrowding and greed among others has led to environmental degradation. Accusations (degradation) occur when Nigerians try to set up their seemingly endless desires and desires for food, housing, recreation, infrastructure, etc. For land and other resources they have. This study examines the nature of environmental issues in Nigeria.
Conceptual framework
The concept of the environment is viewed from different perspectives and is defined in various ways. The variety of definitions and concepts of the environment is closely related to the fact that the study of the environment is disciplinary, and each discipline is designed to develop and adopt definitions in accordance with their interests. This is a set of definitions, concepts and uses of this term in various differences. The many uses and concepts of the term “medium” have been resolved in various adjectives, which include; social environment, moral environment, physical environment, home environment, psychological environment, geographical environment of behavioral environment.
The word environment is such an ambiguous term that is difficult to define and limit its scope of application, since it could be used to cover everything from the entire biosphere to the habitat of the smallest creature or organism. In a broad sense, vocabulary definitions of the term “environment” vary from - the totality of physical, economic, cultural, aesthetic and social circumstances and factors that surround and influence the desirability and value of property or which also affect the quality of life of people, the conditions under which any a person or thing lives or develops; a span of influences that change and determine the development of life or character. This is the broad meaning by which the environment of the concept reflects everything inside and around the person, which can affect or affect the person; in other words, the human environment in contrast to the physical environment. Broad meaning will include historical, cultural, technological, natural, economic, political factors, influences and environment within the framework of the concept of the environment.
Similarly, the Nigerian Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance defines the term “environment”, including: a) land, water and air, including all layers of the atmosphere; b) all organic and inorganic substances and living organizations and c) interacting natural systems, which include the components mentioned in points (a) and (b)
Environmental law
Environmental law in Nigeria is a set of rules and regulations that by their goal or influence the protection of the environment from pollution and the wasteful depletion of natural resources and sustainable development. In addition, the structure of the judicial system (with a focus on adversarial and reverse bipartisan litigation and its procedural rules that are not convenient for users who want to bring environmental cases and who do not give the public interest a separate vote) is not particularly well suited to addressing environmental disputes because they usually have several reasons; generate complex scientific arguments; involve complex interactions between public, private and criminal law; and require balancing complex political or political issues. One of the characteristics of the law and the environmental policy is that it develops, constantly reflecting on the various values and priorities that we put on various aspects of environmental issues. This means that in recent years, when environmental problems have become important, we are witnessing a period of unprecedented rapid changes. In the subject area, such as this activity, you need to plan far enough ahead, it is always helpful to know what may happen in the future, as well as what is law at the time. In this sense, the law on environmental protection is a promising law.
Ecological problems are harmful aspects of human activity in the biophysical environment. The ecologism, social and environmental movement, which began in the 1960s, addresses environmental issues through propaganda, education and activism, current problems that the environment faces.
Environmental policy
Environmental policy can be a tool of power for solving some problems that arise in the environment. The formulation of this policy has attracted many participants from different levels of government - international, national and local. In order to understand the concept of environmental policy, knowledge of the development, implementation and the involved actors must be a prerequisite. Environmental policy is further defined as planned actions that institutions must follow in order to achieve a goal. Based on this definition, environmental policies are actions aimed at improving and improving the quality of the environment in order to balance economic and social issues. In achieving the goal of economic and social balance, many subjects will be represented interests. These actors can be internal or external, each of which seeks its own interests without any consequences for the other. Politics is in a political and bureaucratic setting and should include political processes. Major environmental issues in Nigeria
I. urbanization
Urbanization is caused by high rates of population growth and migration in rural areas. Urbanization in Nigeria is characterized by urban slums with serious environmental consequences. The problem was described as acute and illustrates the availability of development measures to keep pace with the growth rate of the population. The problem of disposing of savage and garbage is quite serious due to the rapid growth in the production of non-biologically degradable materials, such as plastics.
Ii. overpopulation
The population is a major factor in all environmental problems. Overcrowding causes stress to the environment. Environmental problems, such as overpopulation, degradation, erosion, desertification, etc., are caused by the improper use of ecological resources by a person. Until recently, Nigerians considered their large population as a symbol of greatness, power and prestige and are inclined to resist attempts to radically reduce it.
III. Deforestation
Forest - a large area of land with trees and is noticeable in an area with sub-equatorial and monsoon climate types. They act as a sanctuary for rare and / or endangered animals. Forests act as storm breaks, thereby protecting cities and villages from destruction. They provide useful products, such as wood and coal for fuel, fiber for studying and textiles, medicine from the back and leaves of some plant, nutrient medium for animals, testing erosion and supplying food and materials for building houses.
intravenously desertification
Desserts are barren lands, waterless and uncracked, and often covered with sand, such as the Sahara Desert, which spread throughout the African continent. Desertification exists before the encroachment on the desert on the land that was once fertile. Desertification can be inductive, either naturally or by human action. Natural hazards, such as drought and precipitation of sand by winds, are major factors in the desertification process. Desertification is more pronounced in the northern part of the country, where the Sahara desert ate deep in the once fertile land.
against pollution
Environmental pollution can be divided into three groups. These include air or atmosphere pollution, water or water pollution, and pollution of the earth’s surface or surface. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines air pollution, which is limited by the situation in which the external environment contains materials in concentrations that are harmful to humans and their environment. Human actions on the surface of the earth have significantly degraded the quality of the lower atmosphere. The growth and development of industry and urbanization have greatly contributed to the excess carbon monoxide produced by burning and other human activities.
Vi. Flooding and erosion
Most of the 853 km coast of Nigeria is coastal erosion. This is a serious environmental concern, since a large part of the population of Nigeria and economic activities are located in the coastal zone. Nigeria has more than 25 million people located in coastal areas with economic activities, including oil and gas exploitation, agriculture, fisheries, aquaculture, shipping, industry and tourism. On the coast of Nigeria, more than fifty vulnerable areas have been found, and all eight coastal states suffer from erosion problems.
VII. sanitation
It is known that sanitary facilities such as sewage pipes, sewage treatment plants, septic tanks and toilets for the home in Nigeria are extremely inadequate and have deteriorated over time due to the rapid pace of urbanization in the country. Indeed, waste management is probably the most serious environmental problem in Nigerian cities. The increasing accumulation of failures in cities is a breeding ground for various diseases.
Sources and Consequences of Environmental Problems in Nigeria
The common environmental problems identified in this study, which should be related to human activities that pose a serious threat to sustainable development in Nigeria, are listed below:
Slum and squatter events: rapid urbanization due to rural migration and natural population growth; inadequate housing and infrastructure; legal dualism in land management and control. Lack of proper monitoring of physical development activities in urban areas. Accelerating the deterioration of the physical environment and providing a breeding ground for prostitutes, criminals and social intruders. They create an insult to human dignity associated with adverse effects on the health of residents, and thereby deny the goal of environmental sustainability.
Urban Sprawl: lack of updated master plans; uncoordinated spatial growth of cities; disintegration of inner cities; earthquake and rapidly growing urban population. Depletion of green spaces and open spaces leading to biodiversity loss, air pollution and congestion due to increased use of private cars. There is also the problem of land use incompatibility due to the lack of planning and unforeseen events. Pollution (land, air): inefficient waste management systems, emissions from cars, industrial plants and power generating plants; gas burning. Pollution in general is a danger to human health, terrestrial and aquatic life. Land pollution through the indiscriminate burial of solid waste provides a breeding ground; bushes and waste incineration; extraction of solid and liquid minerals and agrochemicals.
Weak institutional and regulatory framework for the application of appropriate legislation for infectious diseases, while air pollution leads to acid rain, which destroy buildings and infrastructure. An oil spill is a threat to the livelihoods of oil-producing communities. While air pollution contributes to global warming, depleting the ozone layer. Urban flooding: lack of effective stormwater discharge system; ocean surge due to rising sea levels, intensive use of rigid landscape elements; recultivation of wetlands and natural storm drains for construction. Physical development on natural floodplains and non-compliance with the rules of physical development, leading to flooding in the lower reaches of cities such as Lagos and Port Harcourt. The destruction of human lives, properties and livelihoods, as well as public infrastructure, leading economic losses. Destroys plants and animal life and thereby leads to the elimination of an ecosystem that has adverse effects. Erosion. Indiscriminate destruction of vegetation for fuel and building materials. Construction, installation of infrastructure, agriculture and mining activities Threat to people's lives, livelihoods and infrastructure, as well as loss of land and reduction of biodiversity.
The role of environmental law in land use regulation and environmental protection in Nigeria
To study the role of environmental law in land use regulation and environmental protection in Nigeria, this part of the article is aimed at:
(1) identify land use problems in Nigeria that lead to land degradation; and
(2) to study basic environmental legislation aimed at regulating land use in order to protect the environment from gross abuse. Basic environmental legislation on land use regulation and environmental protection
Freedom of use and use of land in particular, as well as private property in general, is guaranteed by our laws in Nigeria, but it is trivial that rights cannot be absolute. They should be regulated in the interests of the community and the protection of the rights of other people in society. In order to minimize and control the above-mentioned land use problems and their negative impact on land resources, the Nigerian government introduced a number of legislative measures at the local level. One of the most important is the Law on Land Use, the goal of which, among other things, is to ensure reliable land and environmental development and preserve and improve the ecological and aesthetic values of the nation.
Since the Land Use Act is primarily concerned with the acquisition, use and use of land, to achieve these goals, the activities of an individual, a government or an organization, both private and public, can create environmental problems. For example, if a permit was granted for land intended for mining or industrial purposes or for planning the city and country or for any other commercial or public work or convenience, environmental problems would certainly arise when using land using any of these services or goals.
In fact, the Land Use Act is not strictly a law to protect the environment. However, environmental protection is one of the considerations that the holder of an employment certificate must comply with, although this is not explicitly provided for in any of the provisions of the Law. If the law is read without such importation, the result must be absurd and environmentally dangerous. Policies for environmental issues in Nigeria
Because of the environmental problems that exist in Nigeria, laws and acts have been passed concerning the protection of the environment. These laws / acts were promulgated to solve specific and identified problems. They were narrow and spatially limited. But Decree No. 58 of 1988, as amended by Decree 59 of 1992, was born at the Federal Agency for Environmental Protection (FEPA) (now the Ministry of the Environment), it authorizes the Ministry to control all problems related to the Nigerian environment, resources, operation and management. . But the success recorded by the ministry has nothing to write about. Проблемы урбанизации, опустынивания, загрязнения и обезлесения продолжались в связи с подходом правительства сверху вниз, несогласованностью государственной политики, пренебрежением знаниями коренных народов и использованием соответствующих технологий, секторальным подходом, недостаточным финансированием и недостаточной осведомленностью.
conclusions
Площадь Нигерии составляет 983, 213 км2 - более 167 миллионов человек. Взаимодействие этих миллионов людей со своей окружающей средой оставило неизгладимый след на ландшафте. Попытки этих нигерийцев приспособить свои, казалось бы, бесконечные желания и стремления к питанию, укрытию, отдыху и инфраструктуре, чтобы упомянуть, но некоторые из них отказались в обезлесении, опустынивании, урбанизации, населении и всех видах загрязнения. Хотя эти виды деятельности в области землепользования способствуют развитию всей страны, они в равной степени оказывают отрицательное воздействие на окружающую среду.
recommendations
Это исследование позволило изучить характер экологических проблем в Нигерии. В нем также рассматриваются некоторые соответствующие законы / законы об окружающей среде. Поэтому в целях преодоления препятствий, возникающих в экологических проблемах и обеспечения эффективного осуществления природоохранного законодательства, были сделаны следующие рекомендации:
1. Текущие экологические проблемы следует посещать и пересматривать, поскольку они слишком стары. Во время процессов обзора необходимо расширять участие общественности и консультации, и всем заинтересованным субъектам должно быть разрешено участвовать. Основываясь на этом полномасштабном процессе участия, будут включены все интересы, и будет разработан соответствующий политический инструмент.
2. Правительству следует увеличить бюджетные ассигнования для природоохранных учреждений и их программы. Адекватное финансирование будет стимулировать наращивание людских ресурсов в природоохранных учреждениях путем проведения тренингов как на местном уровне, так и на международном уровне; это предоставит агентам учреждений новейшие знания об экологическом руководстве и дипломатии.
3. Нигерийское правительство должно четко распределять обязанности по экологическим вопросам различным участвующим учреждениям. Таким образом, каждое учреждение будет знать свою собственную юрисдикцию и ответственность и где ему не стоит рисковать. Это поможет решить проблему дублирования ответственности и власти в отношениях между учреждениями.
4. Правительству следует поощрять и обеспечивать регулярную отчетность и проверку состояния нигерийской среды, и такие отчеты и аудиты должны предоставляться общественности через Интернет и книги в публичной библиотеке.
