Introduction:
Kannur was previously known by its anglicized name “Cranganore” or the Portuguese name “Cannannore”. It is known as "Land of Looms and Lows". It is the largest city of North Malabar. Kannur is extraordinarily famous for the play “Ihyam” - the magic-religious dance. It is believed that during the performance of his performer has the spirits of gods and the performer, therefore during this short period he is considered to be God (they are discussed below). It looks like the name & quot; Kannur & # 39; owes its name to the ancient village of Kannatur. The village with the name exists even today in one of the wards of the municipality of Kannur. The village itself may have received its name from one of the Aryan gods, Krishna. Krishna widely prayed by the people of Kerala, especially women. Krishna is considered a manifestation of an important member of the Hindu trinity-vishnu. According to Hindu mythology, in order to save the earth and humanity, Vishnu had to take ten different avatars. Each of these avatars was born on terrada as a person. With the possible exception of the avatar of Rama, all other manifestations seem to retain extraordinary divine powers, as they are “human.” It can be said that among all the avatars, Krishna seems to have been one of the most popular and most praised people in India. The Guruweior Temple in Kerala is one of the most common among many. He was portrayed as a carefree and naughty god with a couch for women. His courage with the gopis (dairy girls) from his village of Mathura was celebrated in music and paintings as a “divine play.” Despite this playboy reputation, he is also respected as a powerful god who has shown the influential Hindu philosophical appeal "Gita". He was also the main character of the Hindu epic Mahabharata. Therefore, direct contact with Krishna was a source of great pride. Krishna is also worshiped in his childish form, mostly called "Kannan." Kannur could have a combination of two words - “Kannan” and “Ur” (meaning place or earth). These two words would collectively mean the land or place of Cannan, providing Kannur with some association with divinity. The close association between Kannur and the Gods gave birth to his characteristic knowledge.
Kannur was an important port in the Arabian Sea and was a trader engaged in trade with Persia and Arabia in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Due to its strategic location, it was also made by the British military headquarters on the west coast of India until 1887. In connection with its sister city Talasseri (the anglicised name of Tellicheri), it was the third largest city on the west coast of British India in the eighteenth century after Mumbai and Karachi. Modern Kannur is the most urbanized area in Kerala, where more than 50% of its inhabitants live in urban areas. Its urban population is the second largest in Kerala after the Ernakulam region.
During the British rule, Kannur was part of the then Madras province in the North Malabar district. Despite its close and intense associations with the Hindu religion, Kannur also has the honor of being the capital of only the Muslim sultanate of Kerala, known as the Arakkal dynasty.
Kannur still has strategic military significance for India. It houses one of the 62 military units in the country, the Kannur cemetery and the present location of the Security Protection Corps.
Geography:
The Kannur region lies between latitudes 11 ° 40 ° to 12 ° 48 °. North and longitude 74 ° 52 ° to 76 ° 07 ° East. It is connected by the Western Ghats in the east (Coorg region of Karnataka), Kozhikode (the anglicised name is Calicut) and Wyanad districts, in the south, on the Lakshadweep bank in the west and in Kasaragod, in the north.
The area can be divided into three geographical regions - highlands, midlands and lowlands. The mountain region consists mainly of mountains, where coffee, rubber, tea, cardamom and other spices are grown on plantations. It is also famous for woody trees such as teak, and has localized areas dominated by bamboo. The middle region, located between its mountains and low lands, consists of hilly hills and valleys. The six rivers drain Kannur, the longest of which is the 110 km long Valapattanam river. Other rivers flowing through the Kannur region are the Kuppam, Mahe, Anjarakandi, Talasseri, Ramapuram and Perumba. This is an area of intensive agricultural activity where rice and rice are grown. Most of the area is located in the middle of the region with numerous hills and valleys and is a wavy surface, gradually rising and converging on the slopes of the Western Gats. The lowlands are relatively narrow and the enterprises of rivers, deltas and coasts. This is a region of coconut and rice culture. Kannur district is very rich in vegetation. Natural vegetation is found in dense forests. In this area, plant communities are visible, ranging from psammophytes and mangroves to evergreen forests.
Short story:
The earliest evidence of human existence in the area are rock caves and megalithic burial sites of the Neolithic era. There is no evidence that the Paleolithic man lived in this region. Nevertheless, rocky caves and megalithic burials of the Neolithic are found in some areas of the region. In the area of Taliparamba-Kannur-Talasiri rocky caves, dolmens, circles of the burial stone and menhirs abound, all megalithic burials are an order. It can be assumed that the first batch of Aryan immigrants in the State entered the region through Tuluva (part of the modern Karnataka region).
The area known today as Kannur was formerly part of the kingdom of Chera (a strong southern dynasty), which ruled most of Kerala during the first few centuries AD. The king of Chera was Kulasehara Varman. The reign of Keras Kerala between the 9th and 12th centuries, with its capital in Mahodayapuram and Kannur, was part of this empire. During this time, a line of rulers known as Kings Mushaki dominated the Chirakkal and Kasaragoda (Kolatunadu) districts with its capital near Mount Ely (or hedgehogs). It is difficult to say whether the kings of Mushaki were feudal geras or independent dynasties. By the 14th century AD, the old kingdom of Moshaki became known as Kolatunadu and the rulers, known as the Kolatiris, and occupied a prominent position in the north of Kerala. The colatiris acquired political and military power and began to reckon with the time of the arrival of the Portuguese at the end of the 15th century. These were political and commercial rivals of the Zamornykh Kozhikode. Later, Kannur was the capital of the Kolatiri of Rajas, whose kingdom was trading with Arabia and Persia in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In his travel book, Marco Polo recalls his visit to the area in the mid-1290s. Other visitors, including Fa-Hien, a Buddhist pilot and Ibn Batuta, a Moroccan writer and historian. According to local legends, the ships of Solomon stood along the shores of Kannur to gather wood for the construction of the Temple of the Lord. Kannur also mentions Naur in Periplus Eritrean Sea, Greek great antiquity.
There was a strong rivalry between the then modern rulers of Kerala to dominate the lucrative spice trade. Monitor the control of trade control on the shorelines where the ports are located. These rivalries caused constant wars. Despite the obvious danger of the surrender of the colonial powers in their territory, the rulers did not stop their petty skirmishes. It is these spaces that were used in every colonial force. The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama, when he passed Kannur in 1498, also used his capabilities and entered into an alliance with the kings of Kolatiri. Although Vasco Da Gama, a famous Portuguese navigator, did not visit Kannur on his way to Kozhikode in May 1498, he established contacts with the ruler of Kolatiri. His ships, which left Kozhikode on August 29, 1498, contacted the boats sent by Kolatiri, and Gama was invited to visit the palace. The goal of the Kolatiri was the conquest of wealth and power with the help of the Portuguese, just as his rival, whom Zamorin introduced with the help of the Arabs. Having won the alliance “Kolathiri”, Vasco Da Gama, in turn, successfully used the jealousy of native princes and won a virtual monopoly on the list of peppers for the Portuguese. He was able to obtain a permit for the construction of a Portuguese settlement on concessions in Kannur. Francisco de Almeida was sent from Portugal with specific instructions for installing forts at strategic points. He began construction of the Kannur Fort in 1505, and was named St. Louis. Angelo. The settlement was only the beginning, and it was here that the iconic fort of St. Angel was built. On March 16, 1506, the Portuguese actually intercepted an armada of Turks and Arabs, which Zamorin launched against Kannur. The Portuguese fleet under the leadership of Lorenzo Almeida attracted the fleet of Zamorin in battle, and the Portuguese ships won a decisive victory. This sea victory rules in establishing Portuguese supremacy in the sea in the Indian seas.
As the Portuguese grew stronger, Kolatiri and Zamorin began to feel a shiver. Despite this, Zamorin was able to convince the Kolatiri of the real motives of the Portuguese in India and the dangers inherent in his politics of friendship with them. In order to emphasize their alienation from the local princes and leaders, the faithful Catholic Portuguese pursued a policy of religious persecution and forcible conversion. Finally, the Portuguese were seen as a common enemy, and the alliance was sealed between Kolatiri and Zamorino. In 1558, Colatiri openly entered the field against the Portuguese, actively supporting Kunjali Marrikkar (rebel sea captain) Kozhikode. Kolatiri and Zamorin waged a general war against the Portuguese, and they besieged Fort St. Louis. Angelo in Kannur, in 1564. But the Portuguese continued to maintain an unstable foothold in Kannur until 1663, when the fort was captured by another European colonial power, the Dutch, in February of that year.
The British East India Company had modest beginnings in Kerala. He received his first pillar in the area when in the final years of the 17th century; he acquired a site in Thalassery for the site of the fort and the factory. Despite the many difficulties that he faced in the initial stages, the trade of the British East India Company flourished in the second half of the 17th and at the beginning of the 18th century because of their liberal trade policy. Further, unlike the Portuguese, they refused to interfere in the religious and caste affairs of the local population. In the second half of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century, the dominance of the Kolatiri began to disintegrate due to variations in the royal family. May the British be able to gain political power around the territories. With the rise of Haider Ali on the throne of Mysore, the new “native” army was on the hunt for expanded territories. Hyder Ali acquired Malabar in 1773. In January 1788, Tipu Sultan insisted on Kerala with a large army and founded a new capital at Feruka for his province of Malabar. In the second half of the 18th century, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, the rulers of Mysore, acquired most of Kannur, which was then British territory. British brand Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, as an army of enemies competitiveness for their territory and that their trade. With strong and competitive motives, the conflicts between these parties were only natural progress in aspirations. In 1792, after the end of the Third War of Anglo-Mysore, the British decisively defeated the forces of Mysorey in the state of Kerala. The Srirangapatan treaties, signed on February 22 and March 18, 1792, largely ceded their possessions to the British. They captured Kannur and the surrounding region and turned into a new district of Malabar. This area was part of British India. The British government divided the province of Malabar into two administrative divisions - North and South, under the chairmanship of the superintendent of each in Thalasseri and Cherplassari under the overall control of the Supervisor and Chief Justice of the province of Malabar, which had its headquarters in Kozhikode,
The defeat of Sultan Tipu symbolized the death of his native resistance. Although Tipu was a great warrior, his own position for domination was resolved in constant invasions of neighboring areas. After a time of generosity in his personality, he did not hesitate to forcibly convert many natives into Islam. But he effectively cultivated the image of a “secular-radical” warrior. His defeat symbolized sinister times to come and come. The British were the new rulers, and the rulers in this region understood this perfectly. The winners get all the trophies - in order to strengthen their possession, the British were able to “enter into” agreements with the rajas of Cirakkala, Kottayam and Kadathanan, and they all recognized the full sovereignty of the Company in their territories, the Company was now crowned king of Kerala (by least parts of it).
Symbolic meaning of the Fort of the Holy Angel:
It was built in 1505 by the House of Francisco de Almeida, the first Portuguese vice-king of India. It is located along the Arabian Sea, about 3 km from the city of Kannur. It was not a trade that was in the minds of the Portuguese when they wanted to build a settlement in Kannur. They planned a longer stay and knew that dominating the indigenous population would be a daunting task. As every colonizer knows, it is important to overwhelm the population and dominate their minds if they are subordinate. Thus, in order to strengthen their position both on land and in the minds of these natives, the Portuguese used architecture. Architecture has proven its strength in that it has surpassed the masses; whether it is a palace, fortress, church or other secular buildings. Size dominates, and it is proven again and again. Thus, the Portuguese, led by don Francisco de Almeida, the first Portuguese governor in India, built the fortress of St. Angelo, north of Kannur, in 1505 on a promontory jutting out into the Lakside Sea. Although not massive compared to other ports in India, its strong walls give the impression of strength. Weapons were placed in strategic points that were visible to people. The fort became a separate local reserve and became a symbol of colonial power and domination of the natives.
The fort as the first colonial structure justified a certain element of legitimacy and became a symbol of power. It was like “the one who owns the fortress owns the land”. Thus, his property became the ultimate goal for all colonizers. His property passed into the hands several times. In 1663 the fort was captured by the Dutch, which meant the transfer of power to them. However, the fort was strongly identified with the power of Portugal and in the symbolic revealing of the importance of Portuguese power; The fort was sold to King Arakkal in 1772. Like the usual colonialists, the British understood the symbolic power of the structure and acquired it in 1790 and turned it into one of their main military stations on the Malabar coast.
Even today, this well-preserved monument stands with pride, and its big guns are still threateningly following intruders. This museum in Amsterdam presented a picture of this fort and a fishing ferry as a back platform. When the head of Kunhali Marakkar (the iconic rebel naval captain) was defeated, his dismembered body and the exhibit sent here sent a strong message to the inhabitants and their rulers.
Thalassery Fort - symbolizing the humble beginnings of the British:
This fort symbolizes the modest beginnings of the British, in contrast to the great entrance of the Portuguese. They arrived at Talassiri in 1683 and created a barn (temporary building) here to store the goods they purchased for trade. They abolished their commercial capital to Thalasseri from Kozhikoda in desperation as the then dominant power; the Dutch prevented their trade. By 1700, the British built a Thalassery fort on a small hill called Tiruvellapadukunnu, and by 1708 they gained confidence in strengthening it, increasing its height and building bastions. The fort is a square structure built of laterite and distinguished by massive ventilated walls and solid flank bastions. It was also used to imprison the rebels. Behind the fort is a cemetery where members of the colonial community are buried. Although the cemetery is in a dilapidated state, even today you can read the work on the tombstones. Behind this fortress stands the famous Anglican Church of St. John.
Ihyam - a short sketch:
Ihyam is a unique art form common in the Malabar district of Kerala. North Malabar region Traditionally, the enterprises Kolatunadu Kannur and Kasaragodsky district are called and are the epicenter of Teiam. Theyyam is traditionally known as Kaliyattom. Kaliyattom is held annually as part of religious practice. Сочетание анимизма, тотемизма и примитивных племенных верований, его жизнеобеспечения также обеспечивалось последовательностью веры в его представление как «танец богов». Исполнители использование ярких цветов на их лицах и их костюмах, мощные и агрессивные выступления на фоне громкой и ритмичной музыки делают его визуальным наслаждением. Эта танцевальная форма является мужественной в своем изображении под названием «тантава», хотя большинство божеств, умиротворенных, являются богинями матери.
Они имеют радикально отличную форму поклонения от индуизма. Святыни, вокруг которых происходило исполнение, отмечены отсутствием идолов. Объектом поклонения был меч, щиты и другие аксессуары, которые использовались исполнителями ихям во время их выступлений. Это помогает нам понять религиозно-боевое значение выступлений Исаама.
Theyyam действительно принадлежит к жанру фольклора, учитывая, что он проявил себя в отношении участия и поддержки жителей Малабарского региона. Эта древняя художественная форма представляет собой коллективные устремления людей, которые полагают, что во время исполнения тело человека, которое исполняет Ихям, становится средством для появившегося бога спускаться в их середине. Они - не просто форма искусства, это религия. Это художественная форма людей, людей и людей.
Представление Ихям стремится временно привести богов на Землю. Тело исполнителя или «дехам» становится средой для земного происхождения богов. После необходимых ритуалов танцор переходит в транс, и считается, что дух богов вошел в его тело. В течение следующих нескольких минут танцор становится божественным и рассматривается как один. Эта танцевальная форма является результатом нескольких кастовых систем в штате Керала. С людьми из низших каст, не допущенных в религиозный мейнстрим, включая посещение текстов или чтение священных писаний, это была их религия и их образ поклонения. Описание themyam выходит за рамки этой работы, однако можно утверждать, что theyyam также представлял собой единственный способ инакомыслия в те сдерживающие моменты.
Выдающиеся места в Каннуре:
Muzhappilangad Beach: он расположен 15.Kms от Kannur и 8 Kms от Thalassery. Черные скалы защищают этот длинный чистый пляж от течений глубины, делая его наводненным водами райским пловцом. Это единственный водный пляж в штате Керала, и можно проехать длиной 4 км.
Ежимала: был столицей древних королей Мусака и был древним историческим местом. Это заметно благодаря его изоляции среди кластера холмов, образующих мыс. Он расположен в 38 км к северу от Каннура. Великолепный морской порт и центр торговли в древней Керале, он также был одним из основных полей битвы в войне Чола-Чера 11 века. Местные знания приписывают посещение лордом Буддой в Эжимале. Холм известен редкими лекарственными травами. С трех сторон, граничащих с морем, значение Ежималы увеличилось со времени постройки Индийской военно-морской академии.
Pythal Mala: находится в 65 км от города Каннур. Эта очаровательная горная станция расположена на высоте 4500 футов над уровнем моря. Он находится вблизи границы Керала-Карнатака и богат флорой и фауной. Чтобы добраться до вершины холма, нужно совершить 6-километровый поход.
Snake Park at Parassinikkadavu: Змеиный парк в Парассиникекаду находится в 18 км от города Каннур. Это один из самых известных змей-парков в стране. Парк посвящен сохранению и сохранению змей, некоторые из которых сталкиваются с исчезновением. В нем находится большая коллекция ядовитых и не-ядовитых змей. Он также имеет возможность готовить анти-яд.
Mappila Bay: естественная рыбацкая гавань, лежащая рядом и видимая от Сент-Луиса. Анжело. Проекция морской стены от форта отделяет грубое море и внутреннюю воду. Бухта была известна во времена Колатириса. как коммерческую гавань, которая связывает Колатунаду с Лакшадвипом и зарубежными странами для торговли. Современный залив Маппила превратился в модернизированную рыбную гавань, разработанную под индо-норвежским пактом.
